Lassa fever is also endemic in certain areas of west africa and may show symptoms similar to early ebola virus disease. Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92. In retrospect this was the start of the current ebola outbreak in west africa. The unprecedented scale of the ebola outbreak in west africa has, as of 29 april 2015, resulted in more than 10,884 deaths among 26,277 cases. Key challenges to ebola surveillance case definitions. The genus ebolavirus is composed of singlestranded, enveloped, filamentous rna viruses, that, together with the marburgvirus genus, comprise the family filoviridae. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov, belongs to the genus ebolavirus which together with the genus marburgvirus forms the family of the filoviridae. It was predicted that the ebola outbreak in west africa would end in june 2015.
Epidemiological features and trends of ebola virus disease. Introduction to ebola virus disease world health organization. There are five identified ebola virus species, four of which are known to cause disease in humans. Phe publications gateway number 2015463 pdf, 952kb, 7 pages this file may not be suitable for users of assistive. Describe main public health concern during an ebola. Mar 10, 2015 ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. Cdcs field epidemiology training program fetp works with countries to train a global workforce of disease detectives who find and stop health threats close to the source, increasing our ability to detect and respond to events in a world where the next outbreak is only a plane ride away. Contact tracing during an outbreak of ebola virus disease 1. The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Page 2 of 3 since evd was first identified during a 1976 outbreak in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo, drc. Preparedness and response plan for ebola virus disease the government of the hong kong special administrative region 2014 a.
In the space provided, print a capital t if the statement is true or a capital f if the statement is false. The current ebola outbreak in west africa is unprecedented in magnitude and duration and, as of november 30, 2014, shows no signs of abating. The large scale of the epidemic, as well as the two healthcare workers who contracted ebola while caring for the first case in read more. Disease outbreaks prevention and control organization and administration 3. Of these, two tested positive for ebola virus, zaire ebolavirus species, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr on 7 may 2018, and the outbreak was officially declared on 8 may 2018. Data point educator materials age structure of an ebola outbreak infectious disease published may 2018.
The survey asked a number of questions to help discern if ips believe their facilities are more prepared than a year ago to deal with a patient with a highly lethal infectious disease, such as the ebola virus. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The 2014 outbreak of ebola virus ebov disease evd in nigeria was one branch of the major west african epidemic that spanned 202016. The viruses that cause evd are located mainly in subsaharan africa. The index case in this outbreak has not yet been identified and epidemiologic investigations are ongoing, including laboratory testing.
Jan 14, 2015 epidemiology is the art and science of using data to answer questions about the health of groups. Ebola transmission linked to a single traditional funeral ceremonykissidougou, guinea, december, 2014january. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. In the event of a probable case of ebola virus disease, which is defined as having. Phe publications gateway number 2015463 pdf, 952kb, 7 pages this file. A total of 11,296 cases, including confirmed and probable cases were reported 5. Ebola and marburg virus disease epidemics preparedness. Ebola virus is the cause of a viral hemorrhagic fever disease. Guinea, liberia, nigeria, senegal and sierra leone. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. The recent ebola virus outbreak in west africa occurred in five countries. Ebola is an enveloped virus and is susceptible to hospitalgrade disinfectants but may.
Details regarding laboratory diagnostics for suspected. Rico is an epidemiologist in the division of cancer prevention and control, national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, centers for. Ebola virus is named after a small river in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo, drc where the first evd outbreak occurred in 1976. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease uptodate. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. Withdrawn ebola virus disease epidemiological update. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov. Agent factors agent ebola virus contain singlestrand, noninfectious rna genomes. As of march 2016, a total of 28 639 evd cases and 11 316 deaths have been reported in 10 countries. Who declared it a public health emergency of international concern. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.
This blog entry is part of a series that shares the stories behind the data. Describe signs, symptoms, and transmission of ebola disease. Although it has previously been referred to as ebola hemorrhagic fever, some ebola patients did not present hemorrhage, and thus, it is now referred to as ebola virus disease. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. Ebola surveillance guinea, liberia, and sierra leone mmwr. May 26, 2015 the unprecedented scale of the ebola outbreak in west africa has, as of 29 april 2015, resulted in more than 10,884 deaths among 26,277 cases.
Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Another personnel trend noted in the hic salary survey was the rising age of ips. Aug 23, 2018 please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 12th update, 30 june 2015 3 guinea.
Between 1976 and 20 there had been 24 outbreaks of the disease. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease. The current ebola epidemic in west africa is the largest in history and is unprecedented in many ways, including the large number of healthcare workers who have been infected while treating patients. Ebola, also known as ebola virus disease evd, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms of ebola virus disease include fever, severe headache, muscle pain weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal stomach pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage bleeding or bruising. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. Ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during early march 2014 in guineas 3 southeastern prefectures gueckedou, macenta, and kissidougou, which border liberia and sierra leone. The 202015 western african ebola virus disease evd epidemic, caused by the ebola virus ebov makona variant kuhn et al.
Ebola virus then spreads from person to person through direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from ebola virus disease. Pdf just how ebola actually gets from animals or the environment and into humans is unclear. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Prevention and control of ebola virus disease in health care facilities with limited resources. Viral haemorrhagic fever including ebola virus disease evd has been a statutorily notifiable disease and ebola virus. Ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates. The recently occurred ebola virus disease evd outbreaks in the west. Since ebolaviruses were first identified in 1976 appendix, over 20 known outbreaks of ebola disease have been identified in.
The 202015 ebola virus disease evd epidemic is caused by the makona variant of ebola virus. In the week 14 to 21 june, 12 new confirmed cases were reported. Ebola virus is characterized by high lethality, high infectivity, and lack of effective treatment or prophylaxis. The ebola epidemic in west africa was a grim reminder of the stark threat posed to humanity by communicable diseases. Currently, west africa is facing the largest outbreak of. Evaluation of unicefs response to the ebola outbreak in. Please see additional file 1 for translation of the ab. Guide for learners 5 initial knowledge assessment questions instructions. Ebola and marburg virus disease epidemics preparedness, alert. Prior to the ongoing outbreak, ebola virus disease. Lessons learned for public health from the ebola outbreak in west africa how to improve preparedness and response in the eu for future outbreaks.
A cramped soho neighborhood teems with people and animals living in cramped and dirty quarters. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. According to the cdc the symptoms may start to appear anywhere from 221 days after being infected. This event was not identified as ebola and did not trigger any alarms at the time as it happened in a remote part of guinea and in a part of africa where ebola was not considered to be a risk. Any assessment of the state of the ebola response in north kivu and ituri must start with a recognition of the bravery and dedication of the individuals working for the ministry of health, congolese civil societies. Age structure of ebola outbreaks hhmi biointeractive. This document provides overall guidance for control of ebola and. Feb 05, 2015 the current ebola epidemic in west africa is the largest in history and is unprecedented in many ways, including the large number of healthcare workers who have been infected while treating patients. Early detection, rapid patient isolation, contact tracing, and the ongoing vaccination programme should sufficiently control the outbreak. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. Epidemiology is the art and science of using data to answer questions about the health of groups. The forecast of the number of cases does not exceed the current capacity to respond if the. Government response to the 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak we thank the committee for the opportunity to submit testimony on the federal response to the ebola outbreak, specifically on efforts to prepare u. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry and cdc.
Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. In guinea and liberia, involvement of cdc teams and their partners early in the response led to rapid adoption of a case definition similar to the one used by who and cdc 16. Current outbreak is the largest in the history, since discovery of. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to ebola virus, though 810 day. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever is a rare and often deadly illness caused by the ebola virus. John snow, known as the father of epidemiology, was born on march 15, 18. Preparedness and response plan for ebola virus disease 2014. A model of ebola transmission, which was developed based on the incidence data from liberia, predicted that the epidemic of evd might. This virus was first discovered in congo in 1976 near the ebola river what is ebola virus disease. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate.
People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or a sick or dead person infected with ebola. Hemorrhagic fever, ebola prevention and control organization and administration 2. The outbreak, first declared in march 2014 in guinea and traced back to the end of 20 baize et al. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a.
Ebov is one of the most virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers, and case fatality rates up to 90% have been reported. Action items for emerging infectious disease preparedness and response kathryn h. In 2014, ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during march in 3 southeastern prefectures in guinea. Ebola virus disease evd, also known as ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebola viruses. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic. In contrast, in sierra leone, many districts initially adopted a narrower case. Prevention and control of ebola virus disease in health.
Airborne or fomite spread has not been seen in outbreaks. Jul 08, 2016 ebola virus disease in west africathe first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. A grand challenge for development how niosh is helping design improved personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. Aug 18, 2014 the present paper will examine the epidemiological characteristics of ebola, our level of preparedness, and discuss what we fear.
Prior to the ongoing outbreak, ebola virus disease evd caused relatively small outbreaks maximum outbreak size 425 in gulu, uganda in isolated populations in central africa. Studies were initiated to document transmission at export facilities. Ebola virus disease, epidemiology, outbreak, virology, prophylaxis introduction ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever ehf, is an acute, severe and fatal disease in humans. This week, we honor the birthday of the first true disease detective. Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry and. An epidemiological analysis of ebola virus disease in west africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from march 2014 to may 2015. These data are not consistently available online, so i will keep the pdfs in the repo for reference. Introduction current outbreak of ebola virus ebov in west africa can be described as most severe public health emergency in modern times 1. Here, we propose a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of ebola virus which will be helpful to investigate the molecular evolution of these viruses. In this study, 27 ebola virus strains with complete glycoprotein genes, including five species zaire, sudan, reston, tai forest, bundibugyo, were analysed. Apics 2014 ebola readiness poll conducted october 1015, 2014. The ongoing ebola virus outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo has similar epidemiological features to previous ebola virus disease outbreaks.
The illness affects humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees the disease was first identified in 1976 in two. Ebola haemorrhagic fever, by household with individual inhabitants, yamolembia, zaire, september october 18, 1976 epidemic disease in the village of yamolembia i. Ebola virus epidemiology and evolution in nigeria the. Delamater,6 jhumka gupta,1 kylene kehnhall,3 aarthi narayanan,3 mariaelena pierobon,7 katherine e. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower. Evd is a disease of humans and other nonhuman primates caused by ebola viruses, which was first discovered in 1976.
In march 2014, an outbreak of evd was recognized in guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in africa to date. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola. Lack of a consistent ebola case definition was an early impediment in the response. Epidemiology of ebola virus disease in the western area. Ebola ebola is caused by a virus that is mainly located in subsaharan africa. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry. For the first time, cases of ebola virus disease have been diagnosed in the us, originating from patients who traveled during the incubation period. Transmission was centred in the four prefectures of forecariah n5, boke n5, conakry n1. Also available is the discussion guide for ebola conops, which is designed to aid in engaging partners to help develop their ebola conops plan. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during.
The west african 2014 ebola outbreak has highlighted the need for a better information network. Ebola hemorrhagic fever, epidemiology, ebola virusphysiology, hemorrhagic fever. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. Ebola, previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the ebola virus strains. Hybrid information networks, an integration of both hierarchical and formalized command controldriven and communitybased, or ad hoc emerging networks, could assist in improving public health responses. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. Cdc global health infographics fetp field epidemiology.
Sep 09, 2014 withdrawn ebola virus disease epidemiological update. Ebola viruses are found in several african countries. Diagnostic tests available at cdc include but are not limited to rtpcr, antigen detection, and igm serology, all of which. Pdf the epidemiology of ebola virus disease researchgate. Ebola virus disease ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90%. The disease was first identified in 1976 during two simultaneous outbreaks in subsaharan africa, one in nzara and the other in yambuku, a village near the ebola river, from which the disease takes its name. Ebola virus disease, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment. Apic quotes in the media related to ebola 262015 page 2 personnel issues are one of three top priorities identified by apic. The first cases of ebola virus infection were reported in zaire now known as the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. The partners involved in that process may be the same as those participating in these exercises and the exercise process can validate their planning efforts. In outbreaks caused by the zaire species of ebolavirus in central africa, case fatality rates have reached 80 to 90 percent. Victory kr, coronado f, ifono so, soropogui t, dahl ba.
The number of potential cases ranges from thousands to millions with mortality rate up to 74% 2. This village, located five kilometers from yambuku, was chosen for detailed analysis of disease transmission. Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family filoviridae, genus ebolavirus. In occupational epidemiology, we use that data to understand how work affects health.